What to know about total knee replacement

A surgeon removes a controlled amount of damaged bone and cartilage from the end of the thigh bone and top of the shin bone. Metal components cover these surfaces, and a durable plastic insert allows them to glide. The kneecap may also be resurfaced depending on its condition and the surgical plan. Implant fixation can involve bone cement or a surface designed for bone to grow onto.

The procedure is generally considered for substantial pain, stiffness, or loss of mobility from joint damage, often knee osteoarthritis, after appropriate non-surgical care has not restored acceptable function. The decision depends on symptoms, examination findings, imaging, overall health, and personal goals rather than age alone.

Before surgery, review medicines, dental or skin infections, smoking, home support, and conditions such as diabetes with the surgical team. Arrange a safe walking route at home and follow instructions about eating, drinking, and medicines on the day of surgery.

Movement usually begins early with guidance. Rehabilitation focuses on safe walking, knee straightening and bending, swelling control, and progressive leg strength. Take prescribed blood-clot prevention and pain medicine exactly as directed, keep the wound clean and dry, and increase activity according to the recovery plan. Improvement is gradual, and the pace varies between people.

Contact the surgical team promptly for increasing wound redness, warmth, drainage, opening, fever, worsening pain that is not controlled as expected, or new calf swelling or tenderness. Seek emergency care for sudden breathlessness, chest pain, coughing blood, fainting, a cold or unusually pale foot, or sudden loss of feeling or movement. These can signal infection, a blood clot, or a circulation or nerve problem.

Ask which non-surgical options remain suitable, what implant and fixation approach is planned, how your health affects anaesthesia and recovery, when you can drive or return to work, and which movements or activities should be limited. Clarify who to contact after discharge and how wound, medicine, and physiotherapy instructions will be coordinated.