Why does a Bartholin cyst cause a vulval lump?

Bartholin glands sit on either side of the lower vaginal opening and release fluid that helps with lubrication. When the outlet narrows or closes, the fluid has nowhere to drain. It gradually gathers inside the gland, producing a soft or firm lump, often on one side. A small cyst may cause little discomfort, while a larger one can feel like pressure when walking, sitting, or having sex.

Bacteria can sometimes enter the trapped fluid and cause an abscess. This may make the swelling rapidly more tender, hot, red, or filled with pus. A vulval lump has several possible causes, so an examination is useful if its appearance or course is unusual.

Keep the area clean and dry, and avoid squeezing, piercing, or trying to drain the lump yourself. Warm water soaks may ease pressure for some people. Wear loose clothing and pause activities that increase rubbing. A clinician can decide whether observation is suitable or whether drainage is needed, particularly when the lump is painful or infected.

Arrange prompt medical care if the lump becomes very painful, enlarges quickly, feels hot, or is accompanied by fever, chills, pus, or difficulty walking. Seek assessment for a new or persistent lump, especially after menopause, because the cause should be checked rather than assumed. Urgent help is appropriate if severe pain or feeling very unwell develops.

Ask: Could this be a Bartholin cyst or abscess? Does it need drainage? What symptoms would suggest infection? How should I care for the area while it heals? If it returns, what treatment options are available?