What to know about prostate cancer in men

The prostate sits below the bladder and surrounds part of the urine channel. Early prostate cancer may cause no symptoms. Changes such as difficulty starting urine, a weaker stream, frequent urination, blood in urine or semen, or pain can also result from non-cancer conditions. Assessment may include a discussion of symptoms and family history, a physical examination, a prostate-specific blood test, imaging, and biopsy when appropriate. Doctors consider whether the cancer is confined to the prostate or has reached other areas.

An abnormal prostate test does not by itself establish cancer. Arrange follow-up so the result can be interpreted with age, symptoms, examination, medicines, and previous tests. If cancer is confirmed, options may include active monitoring, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone treatment, or other medicines. Discuss urinary control, sexual health, bowel effects, fertility, work, and personal preferences before choosing a plan.

Seek urgent help if you cannot pass urine, have severe back or bone pain with weakness or numbness, develop loss of bladder or bowel control, or notice heavy bleeding. During treatment, contact the care team promptly for fever, sudden severe pain, or a marked change in strength or alertness.

Ask what the tests show, whether a biopsy or imaging is needed, and what the cancer's grade and extent mean. Ask how each option affects urinary, bowel, and sexual function, what monitoring involves, and which symptoms require urgent contact.