What happens if leukaemia is not treated?

Leukaemia begins in blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow. As abnormal cells accumulate, they can leave less room for red cells, platelets and healthy white cells. Low red cells may cause breathlessness, dizziness and profound tiredness. Low platelets can cause easy bruising or bleeding. Poor infection-fighting capacity can make fever or other infections more serious.

Different leukaemias behave differently. Some can worsen quickly, while others change more gradually. Unexplained weight loss or easy bruising has many possible causes and does not prove leukaemia. Blood tests and, when needed, a bone marrow biopsy identify the cell type and help the team plan care.

Contact a doctor promptly if leukaemia is suspected, or follow the haematology team's instructions after diagnosis. The assessment may include repeated blood counts, examination and bone marrow testing. Treatment can include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, transfusion support or stem cell transplant, depending on the leukaemia and your health. Keep a list of fevers, bruising, bleeding, infections and medicines to share at the appointment.

Seek emergency help for a fever, severe breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, fainting, heavy bleeding, black stools, or a severe headache with new weakness. Do not wait for a routine appointment if you feel acutely unwell. Leukaemia and its effects on blood cells can make infection, bleeding or low oxygen dangerous.

What type of leukaemia is suspected or confirmed? How are my red cells, platelets and infection-fighting cells affected? Do I need a bone marrow biopsy? Which treatment should begin first? When might transfusion support or transplant be considered? Which symptoms require an immediate call?