What happens if HIV infection is not treated?

HIV targets immune cells that help coordinate defence against infection. Early infection may cause a short illness or no clear symptoms. Over time, untreated infection can reduce immune protection, so illnesses may be more frequent, longer-lasting or unusually severe. Possible signs include fatigue, swollen glands, unintentional weight loss and frequent infections. Conditions such as tuberculosis can be especially serious when immune function is reduced. Symptoms alone cannot confirm HIV or show how advanced it is.

If you may have been exposed, arrange an HIV test and ask when testing should be repeated because timing affects what a test can detect. A clinician can discuss STI screening, confidentiality, treatment and practical ways to prevent passing the virus on. Do not wait for symptoms before seeking advice. If a result is positive, specialist care and regular monitoring can guide treatment and protect your immune health.

Seek urgent medical help for severe breathlessness, confusion, a persistent high fever, severe headache, new weakness, or rapidly worsening illness. If a possible exposure happened recently, contact an urgent-care service promptly because time-sensitive prevention may be considered. A new positive test also needs timely clinical follow-up, even if you feel well.

Ask which HIV test is suitable, whether STI screening is needed, when to repeat testing, and how treatment affects your health and relationships. Ask about confidentiality, partner protection and what to do while awaiting results.