What happens if gonorrhoea is not treated?

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Some people notice no symptoms; others develop painful urination, vaginal discharge, pelvic discomfort, or testicular pain. Without treatment, infection can move from the cervix or urethra into the upper reproductive organs. This may cause pelvic inflammatory disease, scarring, persistent pelvic pain or difficulty becoming pregnant.

In people with testicles, infection can spread to structures near the testicle and cause swelling or pain. Gonorrhoea can also infect the throat, rectum or eyes, and rarely spread more widely through the body. An untreated infection can be transmitted to partners, including when symptoms are absent.

Arrange STI screening promptly if you may have been exposed, have a new partner after unprotected sex, or notice discharge or urinary pain. Testing can involve urine or swabs from relevant body sites, depending on sexual contact and symptoms. Tell the clinician about recent partners so they can advise on testing and treatment.

Gonorrhoea needs prescribed antibiotic treatment; the choice depends on local guidance, test results and the site of infection. Avoid sex until a clinician confirms it is safe, and ensure partners receive appropriate advice. Do not use leftover antibiotics or share medicine, because an unsuitable drug may not clear the infection.

Seek urgent care for severe pelvic or testicular pain, fever, vomiting, a painful swollen joint, a rash with feeling unwell, or eye pain, redness or vision changes. Prompt assessment is especially important during pregnancy or if symptoms are rapidly worsening.

Ask which sites need testing, when treatment becomes effective, whether partners need testing, whether a repeat test is advised, and what symptoms could suggest pelvic inflammatory disease or another complication.