What causes vaginal dryness?

Oestrogen can fall during perimenopause and menopause, after childbirth, while breastfeeding, or with premature ovarian insufficiency. Lower oestrogen may make vaginal tissues thinner, less elastic, and less able to produce natural moisture. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause can include dryness, burning, discomfort during sex, and urinary symptoms.

Scented washes, bubble baths, douching, and some lubricants can irritate the vulva or vagina. Some medicines and treatments can also affect moisture or sexual response. Stress, pain, or not feeling aroused can reduce lubrication without indicating a serious disease.

Avoid douching and fragranced products around the vulva; wash gently with water or a mild, unscented cleanser. A water-based or silicone-based lubricant may reduce friction during sex, while a vaginal moisturiser can provide longer-lasting comfort. If symptoms persist, a clinician can discuss whether vaginal oestrogen therapy or hormone replacement therapy is suitable for you.

Arrange an assessment if dryness lasts, affects sex or daily comfort, or comes with bleeding after sex, unusual discharge, sores, pelvic pain, or repeated urinary symptoms. Bleeding after menopause needs prompt medical review. A clinician can examine the tissues and check for infection, skin conditions, medication effects, or hormonal causes.

Could my symptoms be related to perimenopause, menopause, breastfeeding, or premature ovarian insufficiency? Which lubricant or moisturiser is appropriate, and would vaginal oestrogen be safe with my medical history?