What causes vaginal cancer?

Human papillomavirus, often called HPV, can affect skin and moist linings. In some people, infection persists and alters cell behaviour over time. Most HPV infections do not lead to cancer, and a diagnosis of HPV does not mean vaginal cancer is present. Other factors may also influence risk, including age, a weakened immune system, and previous abnormal cells in the cervix or vagina. Sometimes no single cause can be identified.

Book an assessment for unusual vaginal bleeding, discharge, a lump, or pain during sex. Share your history of HPV-related changes, cervical screening results, immune conditions, and previous pelvic treatment. A clinician may recommend a pelvic examination, sampling of an abnormal area, or imaging. HPV vaccination and regular screening where offered can reduce some HPV-related cancer risks, but they do not replace assessment of new symptoms.

Contact a clinician promptly for bleeding after sex, bleeding after menopause, persistent watery or blood-stained discharge, or a vaginal lump. Seek urgent care for heavy bleeding, faintness, severe pelvic pain, or fever with rapidly worsening symptoms.

Could HPV be involved in my diagnosis? Do I need a biopsy or imaging? What did my examination or screening show? Which follow-up appointments and warning symptoms should I expect?