What causes urinary incontinence?

Leakage with coughing, laughing or exercise often reflects pressure on the bladder when pelvic support is not coordinating well. A sudden strong urge may occur with bladder irritation or a urinary infection. In men, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia can obstruct flow and leave the bladder difficult to empty. Type 2 Diabetes may increase urine production, while Obesity can add pressure to the bladder. Dementia or other changes affecting awareness and movement can make reaching a toilet harder. Different types can occur together, so the timing of leaks and associated symptoms are useful clues.

Book an assessment if leakage is new, recurrent or affecting daily life. Record when leaks happen, drinks, urgency, bowel habits and medicines. Avoid cutting fluids severely; concentrated urine can irritate the bladder. A clinician may check urine, bladder emptying, medicines and pelvic or prostate factors. Treatment can include bladder training, pelvic-floor exercises, managing constipation, or targeted medicines depending on the cause.

Seek prompt care for blood in urine, fever, flank pain, painful urination, inability to pass urine, new leg weakness or numbness, or loss of bowel control. Sudden incontinence with confusion or severe illness also needs urgent evaluation.

Ask whether the pattern is stress, urge, overflow or functional incontinence, whether infection or diabetes should be checked, and which exercises or treatments fit your situation.