What causes female infertility?

Ovulation is needed to release an egg. Anovulation means ovulation does not happen regularly, which can make conception difficult. Polycystic ovary syndrome is one condition that may disrupt ovulation. Endometriosis can affect pelvic tissues and may interfere with the tubes, ovaries or implantation.

Fertility also changes with age as the number and quality of available eggs decline. Previous pelvic infection, surgery, fibroids or tubal blockage may affect the route between egg and sperm. Sometimes tests identify more than one factor, and sometimes they do not find a single explanation.

Arrange a fertility consultation if pregnancy has not occurred after a period of trying, or sooner if periods are very irregular, pelvic pain is persistent, or you have a history of pelvic infection or reproductive surgery. Assessment commonly includes menstrual history, blood tests, ultrasound and checks of the fallopian tubes; both partners may need evaluation.

Treatment depends on the finding and may include support for ovulation, treatment of an underlying condition, surgery or assisted conception. Learn about [Anovulation](/conditions/anovulation/), [Endometriosis](/conditions/endometriosis/) and [Polycystic Ovary Syndrome](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/).

Seek medical advice promptly for severe pelvic pain, fainting, fever with pelvic symptoms, or bleeding in pregnancy. These symptoms are not simply fertility concerns and may need urgent treatment. Otherwise, book a planned assessment when irregular cycles or difficulty conceiving is troubling you.

Ask whether your cycle suggests regular ovulation, which tests are appropriate, whether the tubes and uterus need checking, and how age or previous conditions may affect the options. Ask when results will be reviewed and what the next step would be for each possible finding.