What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Symptoms may develop over a relatively short time as the body produces little or no insulin. Children may begin wetting the bed again after previously staying dry. Some people also notice irritability, weakness, nausea or a dry mouth.

Insulin helps glucose move from the bloodstream into cells for energy. When insulin is missing, glucose remains in the blood while the cells signal that they need fuel. This can lead to thirst, hunger and low energy; the kidneys remove extra glucose in urine, increasing urination and fluid loss.

The symptoms listed here can have other causes, so they do not confirm diabetes on their own. A clinician can check blood glucose and urine, review the pattern of symptoms, and arrange further testing when needed. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, including in people without a previous diabetes diagnosis.

Arrange a prompt medical assessment if thirst, urination, tiredness or weight loss are new, persistent or occurring together. Mention any return of bedwetting, changes in vision, nausea, vomiting or abdominal discomfort. Do not start, stop or change diabetes medicine without clinical advice.

Until you are assessed, drink fluids according to thirst and avoid trying to treat unexplained symptoms with supplements or another person’s medication. If testing confirms type 1 diabetes, education and a personalised medication plan can help you understand glucose checks, insulin, food, activity and sick-day decisions.

Seek urgent medical help for possible diabetes if symptoms are accompanied by repeated vomiting, stomach pain, deep or rapid breathing, a fruity-smelling breath, severe drowsiness, confusion or difficulty staying awake. These features can signal a dangerous build-up of acids in the blood and need immediate assessment.

Do not wait for a routine appointment when a child or adult is rapidly worsening, cannot keep fluids down, or is unusually sleepy or confused. If the person is unconscious or having trouble breathing, call local emergency services immediately.

Ask what tests will check blood glucose and whether urine or ketone testing is needed. You can also ask how quickly results will be available, which symptoms should prompt emergency care, and what to do while waiting for assessment.