What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease?

Sickle-shaped red blood cells can break down sooner than expected and may obstruct small blood vessels. Reduced oxygen delivery can contribute to tiredness, pale skin and shortness of breath. Breakdown of red cells can cause yellowing of the skin or eyes, known as jaundice.

Pain episodes may affect the bones, chest, abdomen or joints and can vary in intensity. Children may have painful swelling of the hands or feet. Blood in the urine, vision changes or recurrent infections can also occur and deserve medical review.

Follow the person's sickle cell care plan, drink fluids as advised and use prescribed pain medicines according to instructions. Keep a record of pain episodes, fever, urine changes and other new symptoms to share with the care team.

A blood test can help confirm sickle cell disease or a carrier state. Premarital screening may identify inherited haemoglobin conditions before pregnancy planning. Results should be explained by a qualified clinician, especially when family planning is being considered.

Get urgent medical help for severe or unusual pain, fever, chest pain, breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, a seizure, marked pallor, or symptoms of stroke. Seek prompt advice for persistent jaundice, blood in the urine or inability to drink.

Ask which symptoms are expected for you, what belongs in your emergency plan, and when a blood test or specialist review is needed. If pregnancy is planned, ask about screening, inheritance and support for future children.