What are the symptoms of depression?

Depression can affect emotions, thinking, the body and behaviour. A person may feel sad, empty, irritable, guilty or unable to enjoy activities that once mattered. They may withdraw from people, struggle to start tasks, lose energy or find decisions difficult. Sleep may increase or become disrupted. Appetite may fall or rise, leading to unintentional weight loss or unexplained weight gain. Loss of libido and memory problems can also occur.

Symptoms vary between people and can overlap with grief, anxiety, medication effects or physical illness. The effect on work, relationships, self-care and daily routines is useful information for an assessment.

Arrange a GP consultation when low mood, loss of interest or related changes persist or interfere with life. Note your mood, sleep, appetite, energy, medicines and any thoughts that concern you. A mental health assessment can explore symptoms, safety, physical contributors and suitable support. Keep regular meals, gentle activity and contact with trusted people where possible, while recognising that self-care is support rather than a substitute for clinical help.

Seek urgent help now if you might harm yourself, cannot keep yourself safe, or feel unable to care for basic needs. Contact emergency services or a local crisis service if there is immediate danger. Prompt medical review is also appropriate for rapidly worsening mood, severe agitation, confusion, or a sudden change after starting or stopping a medicine.

Ask how your symptoms fit together, what physical or medication-related causes should be checked, which treatments and talking supports are available, and what to do if your safety changes.