What are the symptoms of chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease may cause no noticeable symptoms at first. As kidney function changes, fluid can collect around the ankles or face, and urine may become more frequent, foamy, darker or different in volume. Tiredness can reflect anaemia or the build-up of waste products. Muscle cramps, itchy skin, nausea, reduced appetite, sleep problems and restless legs may also occur. These symptoms have many possible causes, so they do not confirm kidney disease on their own.

Book a medical assessment if symptoms persist, especially with high blood pressure, diabetes, a family history of kidney problems or repeated urine changes. A clinician can check blood pressure, urine and kidney function, and discuss medicines that may affect the kidneys. Do not stop prescribed treatment without advice. Keep track of swelling, urine changes, breathlessness and how symptoms change over time.

Get urgent help for severe breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, fainting, very little urine, sudden swelling or inability to keep fluids down. Seek prompt care for blood in the urine, rapidly worsening swelling or marked weakness. Sudden symptoms can signal an acute problem on top of a longer-term condition.

Ask which blood and urine checks are needed, whether anaemia could contribute to fatigue, and how often kidney function should be reviewed. Discuss fluid and salt advice, medicine safety, and which changes should trigger an urgent call.