What are the risk factors for goitre?

A goitre is a thyroid gland that has become enlarged. It may occur when the thyroid is making too much hormone, too little hormone, or hormone levels remain normal while the gland changes in size. Autoimmune conditions can affect thyroid activity, and a family history may increase susceptibility. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones, so too little or, in some circumstances, too much iodine can disturb thyroid function. Some medicines can also alter thyroid activity. A goitre can be smooth or lumpy and may be visible at the front of the neck, but its appearance does not show whether hormone levels are high or low.

Related thyroid disorders include Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism.

Arrange a clinical assessment if you notice neck swelling, a tight collar, swallowing difficulty, or a change in your voice. A clinician may examine the thyroid and request blood tests that measure thyroid function; an ultrasound can assess the gland when its shape or nodules need closer review. Do not start iodine supplements or stop a prescribed medicine without advice, because both too little and too much thyroid stimulation can cause problems. Keep a list of medicines and supplements for the appointment.

Seek urgent medical help if neck swelling causes difficulty breathing, rapidly worsens, or makes swallowing saliva difficult. Arrange prompt review for new hoarseness, persistent pressure in the neck, or a firm lump that is growing. These signs need assessment even when you feel otherwise well.

Could my thyroid hormone levels explain the swelling? Do I need an ultrasound or other tests? Should I change any iodine-containing supplements or medicines? What symptoms should make me seek urgent help?