What are the risk factors for female infertility?

Ovulation may be disrupted by polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid problems, changes in prolactin, substantial weight change, or intense exercise. Anovulation means an egg is not released regularly, so timing intercourse becomes difficult and periods may be absent or unpredictable. Endometriosis can cause inflammation, pain, scarring, or changes around the reproductive organs.

Previous pelvic infection or surgery can narrow or block the fallopian tubes. Fibroids, uterine polyps, or changes inside the womb may also interfere with implantation. Egg supply and egg quality tend to change with age. Smoking and some medical treatments can affect reproductive health. A risk factor is not a diagnosis, and several factors may occur together.

Arrange a fertility consultation if pregnancy has not occurred after trying, or sooner if periods are very irregular, you have severe period pain, known endometriosis, previous pelvic infection, or prior pelvic surgery. Assessment may include cycle history, hormone tests, ultrasound, and a test of the fallopian tubes. Take prescribed medicines consistently and tell the clinician about supplements, long-term conditions, and previous pregnancies.

Seek medical advice promptly for bleeding between periods, severe pelvic pain, or periods that stop unexpectedly, especially with a positive pregnancy test. Urgent care is needed for severe pain, fainting, or heavy bleeding in pregnancy. These symptoms need assessment for causes beyond fertility difficulty.

Ask whether your cycle suggests an ovulation problem, whether endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome should be assessed, and which tests should be done for both partners.