What are the risk factors for womb cancer?

Womb cancer usually begins in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Oestrogen encourages this lining to grow, while progesterone helps regulate that growth. A long period with relatively more oestrogen can allow abnormal thickening. Endometrial hyperplasia is a change in the lining that can sometimes develop before cancer; it needs appropriate assessment and follow-up.

Risk can also be linked with increasing age, never having been pregnant, starting periods early, reaching menopause later, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, diabetes, or taking oestrogen without a progestogen when prescribed. Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that raises the chance of several cancers, including womb cancer. Having a risk factor does not mean cancer will develop.

Arrange a clinical review if you have a risk factor that has not been discussed, especially a family history of womb or bowel cancer or a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Keep a record of bleeding patterns, medicines and previous diagnoses. Do not stop hormone treatment independently; ask the prescriber whether the type and balance of hormones remain suitable. Managing diabetes and weight in a realistic, supported way may also be part of reducing health risks.

Bleeding after menopause, bleeding between periods, unusually heavy periods, or watery or blood-stained discharge should be assessed by a clinician. Seek urgent help for bleeding that is heavy enough to make you faint or feel very weak, or for severe pelvic pain with dizziness. These symptoms have several possible causes, and assessment is needed to identify the cause.

Which of my personal or family factors affect my risk? Does my bleeding pattern need an examination or testing? Could my medicines or hormone treatment alter the uterine lining? Should I discuss genetic counselling for Lynch syndrome? What follow-up is appropriate for endometrial hyperplasia?