What are the first signs of stroke?

A stroke happens when part of the brain is deprived of its normal blood supply or bleeding affects brain tissue. A person may struggle to lift one arm, smile evenly, speak clearly, understand words, walk steadily, or see normally. Symptoms can be mild or severe and may occur together or alone. A stroke can happen without pain, so a sudden neurological change should not be dismissed.

Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and some heart-rhythm conditions. A symptom is not proof of a stroke, but its sudden onset makes urgent assessment necessary. Read about [Weakness on One Side](/symptoms/weakness-on-one-side/) and [Slurred Speech](/symptoms/slurred-speech/) for more detail.

Call emergency services immediately if stroke is possible. Note the time the person was last known to be well, even if the symptoms improve. Keep them safe and still, and do not give food, drink, or medication unless emergency professionals advise it. Do not drive them yourself if an ambulance is available; rapid hospital assessment can affect treatment choices.

Treat sudden facial drooping, one-sided weakness or numbness, speech difficulty, confusion, loss of balance, or blurred vision as an emergency. Seek help even when the change lasts only a short time, because symptoms that clear can signal a transient ischaemic attack. A [GP Consultation](/treatments/consultations-and-assessment/gp-consultation/) is not a substitute for emergency care during active symptoms.

Ask what may have caused the episode, which tests are needed, how blood pressure and diabetes affect risk, and which warning signs should prompt another emergency call. Discuss whether [Blood Pressure Medication](/treatments/medical-management/blood-pressure-medication/) is appropriate after assessment.