What are the first signs of leukaemia?

Leukaemia affects blood-forming tissues and can disrupt the production of healthy blood cells. Reduced red cells may contribute to fatigue, weakness, or paleness. Changes in platelets can present as easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or small pinpoint marks on the skin. Changes in white blood cells may make infections more frequent, harder to clear, or accompanied by unexplained fever. Some people also notice bone discomfort, swollen glands, or weight loss without trying. These symptoms have many possible explanations and do not confirm leukaemia.

Arrange a medical review if bruising, bleeding, fatigue, fever, infections, or weight loss is unexplained, persistent, or worsening. Note when symptoms started and whether you take medicines that affect bleeding. A clinician may request a blood count and other tests; a bone marrow biopsy may be considered when results need further clarification. If leukaemia is diagnosed, care may include chemotherapy, transfusion support, or a stem cell transplant depending on the type and individual findings.

Get urgent help for heavy or prolonged bleeding, black stools, severe breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, or a fever with severe weakness. Seek prompt advice for rapidly spreading bruises, repeated nosebleeds, or infection symptoms that are worsening. A fever during cancer treatment can require immediate instructions from the treating team.

Could my symptoms relate to an infection, medication, anaemia, or another condition? Which blood tests are needed? What findings would lead to a bone marrow biopsy? How should I respond to fever or bleeding? If treatment is needed, when might transfusion support or a stem cell transplant be considered?