Understanding menopause

The transition may bring changing cycle patterns before periods stop. Some people notice hot flushes, night sweats, sleep disruption, vaginal dryness, lower sex drive or mood changes; others have few symptoms. Menopause is confirmed after a full year without a period when there is no other explanation, while earlier or medically induced menopause needs individual assessment. Vaginal and pelvic symptoms can affect comfort, bladder habits and sex. Menopause itself is distinct from pelvic organ prolapse, although pelvic symptoms can occur at the same life stage.

Record bleeding patterns, symptoms, sleep and possible triggers so you can discuss the pattern clearly. Layers of clothing, a cool bedroom, regular movement, balanced meals and a consistent sleep routine may help some people. Vaginal moisturisers or lubricants can ease dryness; a clinician can discuss local or whole-body hormone treatment and non-hormonal options when symptoms interfere with daily life. Treatment choice depends on medical history, bleeding pattern and personal priorities.

Arrange an appointment for troublesome flushes, mood changes, sleep problems, low sex drive, vaginal discomfort or urinary symptoms. Bleeding after menopause, very heavy bleeding, bleeding between periods or new pelvic pain should be assessed. Seek urgent help for severe pain, fainting or heavy bleeding with weakness. Do not assume every symptom is hormonal; thyroid problems, medicines and other conditions can overlap with menopause symptoms.

Ask whether your symptoms fit perimenopause or another condition, whether any tests are useful, and which treatment options match your history. Discuss bone, heart and sexual health, contraception if relevant, and what bleeding changes should prompt review.