What should you know about tetanus?

Tetanus bacteria can enter through punctures, cuts, burns or wounds contaminated with soil or debris. The toxin affects the nervous system rather than spreading like a typical infection between people. Early symptoms may include jaw stiffness, difficulty swallowing and painful muscle tightening; spasms can spread to the neck, back or abdomen. Protection depends on previous vaccination and the nature of the wound, so a clinician may need to review your immunisation history.

Wash a wound with clean running water, remove visible dirt gently and cover it with a clean dressing. Do not seal a deep, puncture or heavily contaminated wound without medical advice. Arrange prompt assessment if the wound came from a dirty object, bite, burn or crush injury, or if you are unsure about your vaccination history. A clinician may recommend a booster or other preventive treatment; vaccination is covered in the linked guide.

Go to emergency care for jaw tightness, trouble swallowing, painful spasms, breathing difficulty, severe stiffness or repeated muscle contractions. Seek same-day wound care when tissue is deeply damaged, bleeding will not stop with pressure, a foreign object is embedded, or redness, warmth, swelling or discharge is developing.

Ask whether your wound needs cleaning or closure, whether your vaccination record provides protection, whether a booster is advised, and which changes should prompt urgent review.