How is syphilis transmitted?

The sore may be on the genitals, anus, rectum, lips, mouth, or another area and can be painless, making it easy to miss. Transmission can occur during skin-to-skin contact even when penetration does not happen. Condoms and dental dams can reduce exposure when they cover the affected area, but they cannot cover every possible sore. Syphilis is not spread by toilet seats, swimming pools, shared utensils, or casual household contact.

Contact a sexual-health clinician after a partner tells you they have syphilis, or after contact with an unexplained sore or rash. Testing may be recommended even when you feel well, because symptoms can be absent or may have settled. Pause sexual contact until a clinician explains your testing and treatment plan. Do not assume a partner’s lack of symptoms means there was no exposure; partners may need assessment and treatment.

Arrange prompt assessment for a painless sore, a new rash on the palms or soles, swollen glands, or symptoms after a partner’s diagnosis. Seek urgent help for eye pain or vision change, hearing change, severe headache, confusion, weakness, or loss of balance. If you are pregnant and may have been exposed, seek medical advice promptly because infection can affect a developing baby.

Ask when testing is most informative after exposure, whether you need treatment before results, how partners will be notified, and how long to avoid sexual contact. Discuss barrier protection and which symptoms should lead to an urgent review.