Who can have sickle cell disease?

A person develops sickle cell disease when inherited haemoglobin changes affect red blood cells. Someone with one altered gene may have a carrier state rather than the disease, while a child who inherits relevant changes from both parents may be affected. Family history can be helpful, but its absence does not rule out the condition. Symptoms and severity differ between individuals; some people are diagnosed in childhood, while others are recognised later.

A blood test can identify haemoglobin types and help distinguish sickle cell disease from a carrier state. Discuss testing if a relative has the condition, if symptoms include recurrent pain or fatigue, or before pregnancy. Premarital screening may identify inherited haemoglobin traits and supports informed family planning. Bring any previous test results and details of relatives with blood disorders to the appointment.

Get urgent help for severe pain, chest symptoms, breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, fever or unusual sleepiness in someone known or suspected to have sickle cell disease. A child with concerning symptoms should be assessed promptly, especially when drinking poorly or becoming less responsive.

Ask whether testing is needed for you or relatives, what your result means for future children, how a carrier state differs from disease, and which symptoms require same-day care.