Shoulder Dislocation Reduction: The Kocher Method

The Kocher method is a historical sequence of controlled arm positioning used to guide the upper arm bone back into the shoulder socket in selected dislocations. A clinician first considers the direction of dislocation, possible fracture, muscle spasm, nerve function, and blood flow. The method may be unsuitable in some injuries or body positions, and modern reduction choices depend on examination, imaging, training, and available pain control. A successful reduction does not mean the supporting capsule, labrum, or other tissues are uninjured. Repeated slipping can be associated with shoulder instability.

Keep the arm still and supported in the position that causes least discomfort. Do not copy a video, pull the arm, or ask someone untrained to rotate it. In a medical setting, the team checks the nerves and circulation, may obtain imaging, provides appropriate pain control, and reassesses the shoulder after reduction. Follow-up may include a sling for a clinician-directed period, gentle movement, and physiotherapy to restore control and strength. Some people need an orthopaedic review for stabilisation surgery, especially after repeated dislocations or associated structural damage.

A suspected dislocation needs urgent assessment. Call emergency services or attend an emergency department if the shoulder is visibly out of place, the arm is locked, pain is severe, or the hand is numb, pale, blue, or cold. Do the same after a high-force injury or when there is an open wound. If the shoulder slips back before arrival, it still needs review because fracture or nerve injury may not be obvious.

Ask which reduction approach is safest for your injury, whether imaging is needed, how nerves and circulation were checked, and how the joint will be protected afterward. Ask when physiotherapy should begin and what would indicate shoulder stabilisation surgery.