Radiation therapy for prostate cancer

External-beam treatment directs radiation from outside the body. Another approach places a radiation source in or near the prostate for a planned period. Radiation may be used instead of surgery, after an operation if cancer remains a concern, or with hormone treatment when the team recommends combined care. Planning considers the prostate, bladder, bowel and nearby nerves so the treatment area can be shaped carefully.

Possible effects include tiredness, urinary frequency or urgency, bowel changes, skin irritation and changes in sexual function. Some effects settle after treatment, while others can last or appear later. Your clinician can explain the specific balance for your plan.

Tell the team about urinary symptoms, bowel problems, earlier pelvic treatment, medicines and any implanted device. Follow instructions about bladder filling or bowel preparation if given, because consistent positioning helps planning. Keep hydrated unless your team has restricted fluids, and report difficulty passing urine rather than waiting for it to become severe. Ask about work, exercise and sexual activity during treatment.

Seek urgent help if you cannot pass urine, have heavy bleeding, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, black stools, repeated vomiting, fainting or sudden weakness. Contact your treatment team for worsening urinary burning, persistent diarrhoea, blood in urine or stool, fever, or symptoms that interfere with drinking and daily activities.

Ask whether external-beam treatment, an implanted source or combined treatment is suitable; whether hormone treatment is advised; how the bladder and bowel will be protected; how many visits are planned; and which urinary, bowel or sexual changes should be reported.