How does polio spread?

An infected person can shed poliovirus in stool, including when illness is mild or unnoticed. Without careful handwashing and sanitation, the virus can contaminate hands, surfaces, food or water. Another person may swallow it while eating or touching their mouth. Close contact can also allow respiratory secretions to play a part, especially around the start of illness. Because symptoms may be absent, relying on visible illness will not stop every chain of transmission. Population protection through vaccination helps block spread and protect people who are vulnerable.

Wash hands thoroughly with soap after using the toilet and changing nappies, and before preparing meals. Keep drinking water safe, handle food hygienically and clean bathroom surfaces. Do not share utensils during an acute illness. Review vaccination records and seek travel advice when needed. If a household member has a suspected exposure, call a clinician for tailored infection-control guidance and mention any recent travel or contact history.

Seek urgent care for new limb weakness, difficulty walking, swallowing or breathing, or a stiff neck or back with a serious feverish illness. A child who becomes floppy, unusually sleepy, or unable to move normally needs immediate assessment. Contact the service before arriving if poliovirus exposure is possible, allowing the team to plan precautions.

Ask how transmission may have occurred, whether contacts need assessment, whether vaccination is up to date, and how long enhanced hand and bathroom hygiene should continue.