What should you know about the pathogen causing cholera?

Vibrio cholerae is usually acquired through contaminated food or water. The bacteria produce a toxin in the small intestine that causes the body to release water and electrolytes into the bowel. This can lead to profuse watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, weakness, dry mouth, reduced urination and dizziness. Someone can become severely dehydrated quickly, even when abdominal pain is limited.

Start oral rehydration solution while arranging urgent medical advice, taking frequent small sips if vomiting is present. Use a correctly prepared product and do not rely on plain water alone for substantial fluid loss. A clinician may assess hydration, test a stool sample and decide whether antibiotics or hospital treatment are appropriate. Wash hands carefully, use safe water, and avoid preparing food for others while unwell.

Seek urgent medical care for very frequent watery diarrhoea, repeated vomiting, faintness, confusion, marked weakness, minimal urination, cold or clammy skin, or inability to drink. Babies, older adults, pregnant people and anyone with a serious medical condition can deteriorate quickly. IV fluid therapy may be needed when oral rehydration is not enough or cannot be taken.

Ask how severe the dehydration is, how to prepare and use oral rehydration solution, whether testing or antibiotics are needed, and how to protect household contacts from contaminated water or food.