What should you know about melanoma TNM?

T describes the primary melanoma, including its thickness and features seen under the microscope. N records whether melanoma has reached nearby lymph nodes or nearby skin or tissue. M indicates spread to distant parts of the body. These findings are combined into an overall stage, but the letters alone do not predict exactly what will happen to one person.

The report may use additional letters or numbers to add detail. A pathology review, examination and selected scans help the team assign the most useful stage. A sentinel lymph node biopsy can check the first draining lymph node when that information would affect staging or treatment.

Ask for a copy of the pathology and staging summary. Check whether the tumour thickness, ulceration, lymph-node findings and scan results are recorded. Treatment may include surgical excision of the primary lesion, further skin cancer surgery, or medicines such as immunotherapy, depending on the complete picture. Keep scheduled follow-up appointments so new skin or lymph-node changes can be assessed.

Arrange a prompt dermatology or oncology review for a changing pigmented lesion, a firm lump near the original melanoma, a new persistent lump, unexplained bleeding, or a wound that does not heal. Seek urgent care for new weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, a seizure, severe headache, or sudden vision change, because these symptoms need immediate assessment and can have many causes.

Which T, N and M findings apply to my melanoma? Was a sentinel lymph node biopsy recommended, and what did it show? Do I need more surgery, scans or systemic treatment? What follow-up schedule suits my stage?