What should you know about melanoma of vulva causes?

Melanoma develops when pigment-producing cells acquire changes that allow them to grow abnormally. For vulval melanoma, a single cause is often not found. It can arise on the outer vulval skin or on mucosal tissue, and it may occur in a new area or within a pre-existing pigmented mark. Common irritation, washing, sexual activity or a person’s hygiene do not by themselves explain a melanoma.

A dark patch, mole or lump may have harmless explanations, including normal variation, inflammation or another skin condition. Colour alone cannot separate these possibilities. Examination and, when indicated, biopsy are needed to identify the tissue type.

Arrange a review with a gynaecologist, dermatologist or specialist familiar with vulval conditions if you notice a new mark or a change in colour, border, size, texture or sensation. Do not apply irritant products or try to remove the area yourself. A clinician may examine the vulva with magnification and take a biopsy. If melanoma is confirmed, discussions may include [Surgical Excision](/treatments/surgical-dermatology/excisional-surgery/), staging and, for some situations, [Immunotherapy](/treatments/systemic-therapy/immunotherapy/).

Book a prompt appointment for a sore that does not heal, bleeding without a clear explanation, a growing or changing pigmented area, a firm lump, persistent itching or pain, or a new change around the vulva. Seek urgent care for heavy bleeding, rapidly increasing swelling, fever with severe pain or difficulty passing urine. These symptoms can come from conditions other than melanoma, but they still need timely assessment.

Ask what features were seen, whether a biopsy is needed, how the sample will be taken and when results are expected. If melanoma is confirmed, ask about its depth and extent, treatment options, effects on comfort and sexual function, lymph-node assessment and the schedule for [Follow-Up After Cancer Treatment](/treatments/survivorship-and-rehabilitation/post-treatment-surveillance/).