Knife Biopsy: What to Know

A surgical or incisional biopsy removes part of a lesion, while an excisional biopsy removes the whole visible area when that is appropriate. A clinician chooses the method according to the location, size, appearance and suspected condition. Local anaesthetic may numb the skin; a larger or deeper procedure may use another form of anaesthesia.

The sample is preserved and reviewed by a pathologist. The report may describe cell appearance, tissue type, margins and features that help distinguish inflammation, a benign growth or cancer. Additional staining, such as immunohistochemistry, can identify proteins in cells. If cancer is found, genomic tumour profiling may sometimes help guide treatment choices.

Tell the clinician about blood-thinning medicines, allergies, diabetes, immune problems and previous reactions to anaesthesia. Follow the instructions about eating, drinking and medicines. Arrange practical help if the biopsy is in a difficult-to-reach area or if sedation is planned.

Keep the dressing clean and follow wound-care instructions. Mild soreness, swelling or a small amount of bruising can occur. Take only the recommended pain relief, and ask when bathing, exercise and work can resume. The laboratory report may take time because tissue processing and extra tests can be needed.

Seek prompt advice if bleeding does not stop with firm pressure, the wound opens, pain is worsening rather than settling, or redness, warmth, swelling, pus or fever develops. New weakness, breathing difficulty or an allergic reaction after medication needs emergency help.

Will you remove part or all of the area? What anaesthetic will be used? How should I manage medicines that affect bleeding? When should I expect the pathology report? Could immunohistochemistry or genomic testing be useful?