How is sickle cell disease treated?

Sickle cell disease changes the shape and behaviour of red blood cells. This can reduce oxygen delivery, cause episodes of severe pain and contribute to anaemia or organ problems. Fatigue, pale skin, jaundice, joint pain and blood in urine can have several explanations within the condition, so each symptom should be assessed rather than managed in isolation.

A specialist plan may include prescribed pain relief, fluids, medicines that reduce complications, vaccinations and infection-prevention advice. During a pain episode, follow the personal plan, drink as advised and seek help if pain is severe or does not improve. Hospital care may include IV fluids, oxygen when needed and a blood transfusion for selected complications. Regular blood tests help monitor blood counts and treatment effects.

Seek urgent medical help for fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, sudden weakness, confusion, severe headache, a seizure, persistent vomiting, severe pain, or a painful erection that does not settle. New blood in urine, marked jaundice or extreme fatigue also deserves prompt advice. Tell the team that you have sickle cell disease and bring your medicines if possible.

Ask which medicines are part of your daily plan, how to use your pain plan, when a blood transfusion is considered, and which symptoms require emergency care. Ask how often you need blood tests and whether family or premarital screening is appropriate for your circumstances.