What should you know about the hepatitis B virus?

Transmission can occur through sex, shared needles or equipment, unsterile medical or cosmetic instruments, and from an infected parent to a baby around birth. Many people have no early symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include fatigue, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine or yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Some infections settle, while others persist and can cause ongoing liver inflammation. Blood tests identify different markers, such as evidence of infection, immunity or a need for further assessment. A liver function test may show liver irritation, but it cannot by itself determine whether hepatitis B is present or how long it has been there.

Arrange a medical review for testing and interpretation rather than relying on symptoms alone. Until you receive advice, do not share needles, razors or toothbrushes, and use condoms if advised. Do not donate blood, and tell healthcare or dental professionals about a possible infection. Household and sexual contacts can ask whether they need testing or hepatitis B vaccination. Avoid alcohol and check medicines or supplements with a clinician if liver inflammation is suspected.

Seek urgent care for confusion, severe drowsiness, repeated vomiting, heavy bleeding, intense abdominal swelling or rapidly worsening yellow skin or eyes. After a recent exposure, seek medical advice promptly because preventive treatment may be time-sensitive.

Ask which hepatitis B markers were tested, whether the infection is recent or persistent, whether your liver needs monitoring, how to protect close contacts, and whether specialist care is appropriate.