Head cold and cough: what to know

Cold viruses can inflame the nose and throat. Mucus draining backwards may tickle the throat, while dry or irritated airways can cause a cough. A cough may linger after nasal symptoms improve because airway sensitivity settles more slowly.

Other conditions can also present with cough. Allergic rhinitis may bring sneezing and itchy, watery eyes; acid reflux may cause throat clearing or cough after meals or when lying down. Acute bronchitis can follow an infection and cause a deeper cough. Asthma may cause wheeze, chest tightness or cough with triggers. In children, bronchiolitis needs particular attention when breathing becomes difficult.

Rest, drink fluids and use saline spray or a humidified room for congestion. Honey may soothe a cough for adults and children over one year, but never give honey to an infant. Avoid smoke and strong fragrances, and follow the label for any medicine.

Cough medicines are not suitable for everyone, especially young children or people taking several medicines. A pharmacist can help match an option to your age and health conditions. Antibiotics do not treat the viruses that cause ordinary colds.

Get urgent help for severe breathlessness, blue or grey lips, chest pain, confusion, coughing blood, or difficulty staying awake. Arrange medical advice if wheezing develops, a child is breathing hard, dehydration is present, or the cough is worsening or does not begin to settle.

Ask whether the symptoms fit a cold or another airway problem, whether an inhaler or examination is needed, and which cough treatments are safe with your medicines. Ask what duration or change should prompt follow-up.