Groin pain and testicular pain: what to know

Pain may begin in the testicle, groin or lower abdomen and be felt in nearby areas. An inguinal hernia can cause a groin bulge or aching that worsens with coughing, lifting or standing. Infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea may cause testicular discomfort, burning urine or discharge. Mumps can inflame the testicles, often with swelling and illness. Testicular torsion, where the testicle twists and its blood supply is threatened, is an emergency; it often causes sudden intense one-sided pain, swelling, nausea or a testicle sitting unusually high. Pain severity alone cannot identify the cause.

Arrange prompt medical assessment for new or unexplained pain, swelling, a lump, discharge or urinary symptoms. Do not squeeze a swelling or attempt to push a painful bulge back. A clinician may examine the abdomen, groin and scrotum, ask about sexual exposure and infection symptoms, and arrange urine tests or imaging. Until assessed, avoid strenuous lifting and wear supportive underwear if it eases movement. If a sexually transmitted infection is possible, avoid sex until you have received advice and testing.

Go to an emergency department immediately for sudden or severe testicular pain, rapid swelling, nausea or vomiting with testicular pain, a high-riding or twisted-looking testicle, or pain after an injury. Prompt treatment can be time-sensitive when blood flow is affected. Fever with marked swelling or feeling very unwell also warrants urgent care.

Ask what examination and tests are needed, whether infection or hernia is possible, how to protect a partner if an infection is found, and which symptoms require emergency review.