How does cholera cause diarrhoea?

After entering the small intestine, Vibrio cholerae can attach to the lining and produce cholera toxin. The toxin changes signalling inside intestinal cells, opening a pathway for chloride and other salts to move into the bowel. Water follows those salts, so the intestine fills with fluid rather than absorbing its usual share. Stools may become pale, watery and frequent, while abdominal cramping may be less prominent than with some other infections. The danger comes from dehydration and loss of electrolytes, which can affect circulation, muscles and consciousness.

Seek medical care promptly for suspected cholera or sudden profuse watery diarrhoea, especially after unsafe water or food exposure. Begin oral rehydration solution if the person is alert and can swallow, using the prepared solution as directed. Continue small, frequent sips and breastfeeding when relevant. Do not rely on soft drinks, undiluted juice or plain water alone to replace lost salts. Clinicians may provide antibiotics for selected cases and monitor kidney function and electrolytes.

Emergency help is needed for fainting, confusion, extreme thirst, very little urine, inability to drink, repeated vomiting, cold clammy skin or marked weakness. Children, older adults and people with other illnesses can deteriorate quickly. Keep washing hands with soap and water, use safe drinking water and avoid preparing food for others until medical advice confirms it is safe.

How dehydrated am I? Which rehydration solution should I use? Do I need stool testing or antibiotics? How can my household avoid further spread?