Womb cancer in women: what it means

Womb cancer often begins in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is different from cancer of the cervix, ovaries or vagina. Unusual vaginal bleeding, bleeding after menopause, watery discharge or pelvic discomfort can occur, but these symptoms also have non-cancer causes. A symptom does not by itself identify the diagnosis.

Assessment may include a pelvic examination, imaging and a sample of tissue from the womb. The results help identify the cancer type, grade and extent, which guide the discussion about surgery, radiotherapy, hormone treatment or other medicines.

Arrange a medical review for bleeding that is new, recurrent or unusual for you, particularly after menopause. Bring a list of medicines, previous operations and relevant family cancer history. Keep notes on when bleeding occurs, how long it lasts and whether pain or discharge accompanies it.

Treatment is tailored to the tumour and your health. Surgery may remove the uterus and sometimes nearby tissues; additional treatment depends on pathology and staging. Ask how treatment could affect fertility, menopause symptoms, sexual wellbeing and recovery.

Seek urgent help for heavy vaginal bleeding with dizziness or fainting, severe pelvic pain, fever with feeling very unwell, or shortness of breath or chest pain. Contact your clinician promptly for any post-menopausal bleeding, persistent watery discharge or worsening pelvic symptoms.

Ask: Where did the cancer start? What did the tissue sample show? Has it spread outside the womb? Which treatments are suitable? How might treatment affect fertility, menopause or daily life? Who should I call if bleeding increases?