Effects of goitre on the body

The thyroid sits low at the front of the neck and helps regulate the body's energy use. Enlargement may be even across the gland or more noticeable on one side. Some people have no hormone symptoms. If the gland is underactive, fatigue, constipation, dry skin or feeling cold may occur. If it is overactive, sweating, tremor, weight loss, anxiety or a racing heartbeat may appear. A larger goitre can press on nearby structures, causing a lump sensation, cough, voice change or trouble swallowing.

Book a GP Consultation for a new, persistent or enlarging swelling, even if it does not hurt. The clinician may feel the thyroid and arrange a Thyroid Function Test; further assessment depends on the examination and results. Note changes in size, swallowing, voice, breathing, weight, bowel habits and heartbeat. Avoid trying to correct thyroid symptoms with high-dose supplements, because excess iodine or thyroid products can disrupt hormone control.

Get urgent medical help if the swelling rapidly enlarges, breathing becomes difficult, swallowing liquids is hard, or you develop chest pain, fainting, severe confusion or a very fast heartbeat. These features can indicate airway pressure or a major hormone disturbance. A painful, tender swelling with fever also needs prompt review.

Ask whether your thyroid seems overactive, underactive or normal, what testing is needed, whether pressure symptoms require faster assessment, and how the swelling will be monitored.