Dry cough and runny nose: what should you know?

A common cold can produce clear or changing nasal discharge and a tickly cough as the throat is irritated. Allergic rhinitis, pet allergy or house dust mite allergy is more likely to cause repeated sneezing, itchy eyes and symptoms linked to exposure. Influenza and COVID-19 may also cause cough and nasal symptoms, especially when fever, marked tiredness, aches or a recent exposure is present. Sinusitis becomes more relevant with facial pressure, reduced smell or thick discharge that persists.

Rest, drink fluids and use tissues gently to reduce irritation. Saline nasal rinses or sprays may help clear mucus when used as directed with safe water. Reduce exposure to smoke, dust and known allergens; wash hands and improve ventilation if an infection is possible. A pharmacist can discuss antihistamines or other options, taking account of pregnancy, age, blood pressure and current medicines. Follow local advice about testing when COVID-19 or influenza is plausible.

Get urgent help for severe breathing difficulty, chest pain, confusion, blue lips or inability to keep fluids down. Arrange medical review for worsening symptoms, persistent high fever, dehydration, facial swelling, severe one-sided facial pain, wheezing or a cough that keeps returning. Children, older adults and people with long-term heart, lung or immune conditions may need earlier advice when an infection is suspected.

Ask whether the pattern suggests allergy, infection or sinusitis, which nasal treatment suits you, and whether testing or an examination is appropriate.