Dog bites and tetanus: what to do

Tetanus is caused by a toxin made by bacteria that can enter through a break in the skin. A bite wound may be deep, contaminated or difficult to inspect, even when the surface mark looks small. Tetanus risk is not determined by the animal's appearance alone; it also depends on the wound and your vaccination history. A clinician may ask when your last tetanus-containing vaccine was given, whether you completed the recommended course, and whether the wound needs further treatment. Tetanus is different from the ordinary skin infection that can follow a bite. The relevant prevention plan is explained in [Tetanus Vaccination](/treatments/preventive-care-and-vaccination/tetanus-vaccination/).

Move away from the dog safely, then wash the wound thoroughly with running water and soap. Do not scrub deeply, seal a puncture with glue, or apply irritating chemicals. Cover it with a clean dressing and arrange medical advice, particularly for bites to the hand, face, foot, near a joint, or over damaged tissue. Take a photo of the wound and bring any vaccination record you have. A clinician may clean deeper tissue, assess infection risk, consider antibiotics, and review protection against tetanus. Report the circumstances of the bite accurately, including whether the dog is known and can be observed, because other public-health decisions may also be relevant.

Get urgent medical help for uncontrolled bleeding, a deep or gaping wound, loss of movement or feeling, severe pain, or a bite near the eye. Seek prompt review if redness, warmth, swelling, pus, fever or red streaks develop. Do not wait for symptoms before asking about tetanus protection: vaccination decisions are time-sensitive and depend on the wound and your record. Emergency care is appropriate for faintness, breathing difficulty or signs of a severe allergic reaction after treatment.

Ask whether the wound needs closure or antibiotics, whether your tetanus protection is up to date, and which signs should prompt a return visit. Tell the clinician about diabetes, immune problems, pregnancy, allergies and medicines that affect healing or immunity.