What should you know about diphtheria pathogenesis?

Diphtheria bacteria usually settle in the nose or throat. As they multiply, toxin can injure nearby cells and create an adherent grey-white membrane. Swelling around the airway can make breathing difficult. The toxin may also enter the bloodstream and affect nerves, the heart, or other tissues. A sore throat can be an early feature; see Sore Throat for related symptom information.

The membrane should not be scraped away at home. Disturbing it may cause bleeding or worsen airway irritation. A clinician may need to examine the throat while protecting breathing.

Arrange urgent medical assessment for a persistent sore throat with a membrane, neck swelling, fever, or breathing difficulty, especially after close contact with a suspected case. Clinicians may use antitoxin and antibiotics, isolate the patient, and assess contacts. Antibiotic Treatment explains the role of antibiotics; treatment should be prescribed and completed as directed.

Get emergency help for noisy or difficult breathing, inability to swallow saliva, rapidly increasing neck swelling, fainting, chest discomfort, or new weakness. These signs can reflect airway narrowing or toxin effects and should not wait for a routine appointment.

Ask how the infection was assessed, whether antitoxin is needed, what organs will be monitored, how long contact precautions apply, and which household members require evaluation or preventive treatment.