What causes goitre in females?

A goitre is enlargement of the thyroid at the front of the neck. It may be smooth and even, or have one or more nodules. Some people have normal thyroid hormone levels; others have an underactive thyroid, known as hypothyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, known as hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune conditions can affect thyroid tissue and may make the gland enlarge.

Possible accompanying signs include a feeling of pressure in the neck, hoarseness, cough, or difficulty swallowing. An overactive thyroid may cause heat intolerance, tremor, palpitations, or unexplained weight loss. An underactive thyroid may cause tiredness, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, or slowed thinking. A neck swelling cannot be classified by appearance alone.

Arrange a GP consultation for a new, growing, painful, or persistent neck swelling. The clinician may feel the thyroid and neck, ask about symptoms, medicines, family history, and pregnancy plans, then arrange a thyroid function test. Ultrasound or other assessment may be suggested when the gland feels nodular or the examination raises a specific concern. Do not start iodine or thyroid supplements without advice.

Seek urgent help if the swelling causes trouble breathing, rapidly worsens, or makes swallowing saliva difficult. Prompt review is also sensible for a new hoarse voice, a hard or fixed lump, enlarged neck glands, or symptoms of a very fast heartbeat with chest pain, faintness, or severe breathlessness. Pregnancy or recent childbirth should be mentioned because thyroid problems may need closer monitoring.

Ask whether your thyroid feels evenly enlarged or nodular, which blood tests are needed, whether imaging is appropriate, and how pregnancy or current medicines affect the plan.