Causes of dry scalp and dandruff

Dry air, hot water, frequent washing, and harsh products can leave the scalp tight and produce fine, dry flakes. Dandruff is associated with how the scalp responds to oil and a naturally occurring yeast; it often causes flakes and itch without an infection. Seborrheic dermatitis can add redness, irritation, and greasy or yellowish scale, including around the ears or eyebrows. A new product may cause contact irritation, while thick plaques or scale extending beyond the hairline deserve assessment for another inflammatory condition.

Wash with lukewarm water and massage gently with the fingertips rather than scratching. Stop products that burn or leave the scalp unusually tight. If dandruff is likely, a medicated shampoo may help when used as directed and given enough contact time; a clinician or pharmacist can advise which type suits your scalp. Avoid picking scale, because broken skin can become sore and more irritated. Improvement may take consistent use rather than a single wash.

Seek a dermatology review if flaking is severe, recurrent, spreading to the face, or accompanied by pain, bleeding, hair loss, pus, or marked redness. Get prompt help for rapidly worsening swelling or fever. An examination can distinguish ordinary dandruff from seborrheic dermatitis, contact irritation, or another scalp disorder.

Does the scale look dry or greasy, and could it be seborrheic dermatitis? Which shampoo should I use, how often, and for how long? What should I do if itch or redness continues?