What Causes Dandruff on the Scalp?

Small white or yellowish flakes can appear when scalp skin sheds more visibly than usual. Oily skin may support overgrowth of Malassezia yeast, which can contribute to irritation and scaling without meaning the scalp is unclean. Dandruff may also flare with cold, dry weather, stress, or products that irritate the scalp. Redness, greasy scale, and persistent itch can fit seborrheic dermatitis, while thick plaques, soreness, or hair loss may point to another diagnosis. Explore [Dandruff](/conditions/dandruff/) or [Seborrheic Dermatitis](/conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/) for more detail.

Wash the scalp regularly with a gentle routine and avoid scratching, which can worsen inflammation and cause small breaks in the skin. A clinician or pharmacist may suggest a medicated shampoo containing an anti-yeast or scale-lifting ingredient; follow its directions and allow contact time if stated. If flakes remain despite consistent use, [Medicated Shampoo Treatment](/treatments/medical-dermatology/medicated-shampoo-therapy/) or [Topical Antifungal Treatment](/treatments/medical-dermatology/topical-antifungal-therapy/) may be discussed. Note whether itching or [Flaky Scalp](/symptoms/scalp-flaking/) changes after a new product.

Arrange a dermatology assessment if the scalp is very red, painful, crusted, bleeding, or producing thick scale, or if you notice patchy hair loss. Seek advice when symptoms spread to the face or ears, recur frequently, or do not improve with a suitable shampoo. An appointment is also sensible when [Itchy Scalp](/symptoms/itchy-scalp/) interferes with sleep or daily activities, because eczema, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and fungal infection can need different care.

Could this be seborrheic dermatitis or another scalp condition? Which shampoo ingredient suits my scalp, how often should I use it, and when should I stop or change it?