What causes swelling in the legs and feet?

Gravity can allow fluid to settle around the ankles after long periods of standing or sitting. Varicose veins can reduce the efficient return of blood from the legs and may cause aching or swelling that is worse later in the day. Obesity can increase pressure on the veins and joints. Heart failure can cause fluid retention, sometimes alongside breathlessness or reduced exercise tolerance. Chronic kidney disease can alter fluid balance and may be accompanied by swelling elsewhere. Swelling may also follow an injury or be linked to a medicine, so the pattern matters.

Notice whether the swelling affects one or both legs, when it began, and whether it changes overnight or after elevation. Gentle walking and ankle movements can support circulation if they are comfortable. Raise the legs when resting, avoid tight socks, and do not stop prescribed medicines without advice. A clinician may review your medicines, examine the legs, check blood pressure, and arrange tests based on your symptoms.

Get urgent help for sudden one-sided swelling with pain, warmth, or colour change; swelling with chest pain, severe breathlessness, faintness, or coughing blood; or rapidly worsening symptoms. Arrange an appointment for persistent, recurrent, or unexplained swelling, especially with breathlessness, tiredness, reduced urination, or swelling of the face.

Ask which causes fit the timing and distribution, whether a medicine could contribute, whether compression is suitable, and what changes should prompt urgent review.