Can tuberculosis be prevented?

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that can spread through the air from someone with active disease in the lungs or throat, especially during prolonged indoor contact. Infection may remain latent, meaning bacteria are present without current symptoms or contagiousness. It can later become active, particularly when the immune system is weakened. HIV infection is one condition that can increase vulnerability, so appropriate testing and care are part of prevention.

Ask a healthcare professional whether tuberculosis vaccination is advised for you or your child, based on age, health and local guidance. If you have spent time with someone who has active tuberculosis, arrange a test even if you feel well. Preventive treatment may stop latent infection becoming active; take it exactly as prescribed and report concerning effects. People with suspected or confirmed active disease should follow clinical advice about treatment, masks and ventilation, and avoid close indoor contact until advised otherwise.

Arrange medical assessment for a cough lasting several weeks, coughing blood, unexplained fever, night sweats, weight loss, chest pain or marked tiredness, especially after exposure. Seek prompt advice after close contact if you are pregnant, very young, older, or have reduced immunity. Emergency care is needed for severe breathing difficulty or significant bleeding.

Was my exposure enough to require testing now or a repeat test later? Is vaccination suitable for me? If testing suggests latent infection, what preventive treatment is appropriate? How can I protect people at home?