Can HPV infection cause throat cancer?

The oropharynx is the middle part of the throat and includes the tonsils and base of the tongue. Many HPV infections resolve on their own, so having HPV does not by itself mean that throat cancer is present or will develop.

A high-risk HPV infection that remains in oropharyngeal cells can interfere with proteins that control cell division. Over time, affected cells may acquire further changes and become cancerous. Throat cancers can also arise through pathways unrelated to HPV, including exposure to tobacco and alcohol.

There is no routine throat swab that can confirm or rule out an HPV-related throat cancer. If an abnormal area or lump is found, diagnosis may involve examination with a small flexible camera, imaging, and removal of tissue for laboratory testing.

Have a clinician assess a continuing sore throat, a neck lump, trouble or pain with swallowing, a lasting voice change, one-sided ear pain, or an unexplained sore near the tonsil. Mention how long the change has been present, whether it is getting worse, and whether eating or drinking has become difficult.

A past or current HPV infection does not replace an examination. You can also discuss HPV vaccination eligibility, stop smoking if applicable, and limit alcohol, while keeping the focus on investigating any persistent symptom.

Seek a timely appointment for a throat symptom or neck lump that does not settle, returns repeatedly, or progressively interferes with swallowing or speech. Get urgent help if breathing becomes difficult, you cannot swallow fluids or saliva, swelling advances quickly, or substantial bleeding occurs from the mouth or throat.

Ask what could be causing the symptom, which areas of the throat will be examined, and whether referral to an ear, nose, and throat specialist is needed. If a biopsy is planned, ask what the sample will be tested for, including whether HPV-related testing is relevant.