What should you know about between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Insulin moves glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system damages insulin-producing cells, so insulin replacement is needed. Type 1 can develop at any age and often begins more quickly. In type 2 diabetes, cells respond less effectively to insulin and the pancreas may not keep up; risk is influenced by genes, age, body weight and activity, but it can occur without obesity.

Both types can cause thirst, frequent urination, tiredness and blurred vision. A diagnosis needs blood tests, not symptoms alone. Prediabetes is different: glucose is above the usual range but does not meet the definition of diabetes.

Use the treatment plan prescribed for your type. Type 1 usually requires insulin, glucose checks and planning around meals and activity. Type 2 may involve food changes, activity, tablets, injectable medicines or insulin, depending on glucose levels and health needs.

Keep appointments for eye, kidney, foot and cardiovascular checks. Good glucose management lowers the chance of problems such as peripheral neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, cellulitis and stroke. Never change insulin or other medicine without clinical advice.

Get urgent help for vomiting, stomach pain, deep or rapid breathing, confusion, severe drowsiness or inability to keep fluids down. Treat suspected hypoglycaemia promptly according to your personal plan; seek help if the person is unconscious, having a seizure or cannot swallow.

Ask which type you have, how to monitor glucose, what your targets are, how to recognise hypoglycaemia, and which kidney, eye, foot and heart checks you need.