ADHD: what it is and how it is assessed

It begins during childhood, although some people are not recognised until adolescence or adulthood. The pattern differs between people: inattentiveness may be more prominent for one person, while restlessness or acting without pausing may be more noticeable for another.

Attention difficulties can show up as losing track of instructions, overlooking details, misplacing belongings or struggling to finish routine tasks. Hyperactivity may feel like physical restlessness or a constant need for mental stimulation. Impulsivity can lead to interrupting, making quick decisions or finding it hard to wait.

These experiences count as a clinical concern when they form a persistent pattern, occur in more than one setting and interfere with learning, work, relationships or self-care. Tiredness, anxiety, low mood, sleep problems and some physical conditions can cause overlapping difficulties, so one symptom alone does not establish ADHD.

Start by noting specific examples, when they began, where they occur and how they affect responsibilities. An assessment may cover development, education or work, physical and mental health, sleep, medicines and information from someone who knows the person well. There is no single blood test or scan that confirms ADHD.

Support is individual and may include education about ADHD, changes to routines, reminders, breaking tasks into manageable parts, coaching or psychological strategies. Medication may be considered after a clinical assessment, with follow-up for benefits and unwanted effects.

Arrange a routine appointment when attention, restlessness or impulsive behaviour repeatedly disrupts school, work, home life or relationships. Seek urgent help if there are thoughts of self-harm, dangerous impulsive behaviour, severe agitation, confusion or an immediate risk to anyone's safety.

Useful questions include: What else could explain these difficulties? What information should I bring to an assessment? Which changes could help at home, school or work? If medicine is discussed, how will its effects be monitored?