Which specialist treats head and neck cancer?

Head and neck cancer can involve the mouth, throat, voice box, nose, sinuses, salivary glands or nearby tissues. An ENT or head and neck surgeon examines the area, may take a biopsy and considers whether surgery is suitable. A radiation oncologist plans radiotherapy. A medical oncologist discusses medicines such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Dental, speech and swallowing, nutrition, hearing and reconstructive specialists may support treatment and recovery.

The exact team depends on the tumour's site, size, spread, biopsy findings and your general health. HPV infection can be relevant for some tumours, but a symptom such as a neck lump does not by itself establish cancer.

Arrange assessment with an ENT or head and neck clinic when a neck lump, persistent mouth or throat change, or difficulty swallowing needs evaluation. Bring previous reports, scans, medicines and details about smoking, alcohol, dental problems or HPV-related history if relevant. Ask whether the case will be reviewed by a multidisciplinary team.

Discuss the purpose and order of surgery, radiotherapy or medicines. Ask about swallowing, speech, nutrition, dental care, voice and daily activities before treatment begins, because early support can make planning easier.

Get urgent help for severe difficulty breathing, inability to swallow liquids, rapidly increasing swelling of the neck, coughing or vomiting blood, or sudden voice change with breathing trouble. A persistent neck lump, swollen lymph nodes or difficulty swallowing should receive prompt clinical assessment; these symptoms have many possible causes and do not by themselves diagnose cancer.

Where exactly is the tumour and how was it confirmed? Which specialist is coordinating the team? Will I need a biopsy, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy? How might treatment affect eating, speech, teeth, hearing or appearance? Who can help with nutrition and swallowing?