What to know about Wilms tumour in children

Wilms tumour, also called nephroblastoma, develops in kidney tissue and is mainly seen in young children. A firm or enlarging area in the abdomen may be noticed by a parent or clinician. Other possible features include abdominal discomfort, fever, blood in the urine, constipation, reduced appetite, vomiting, or high blood pressure. These signs have many possible causes, so they do not confirm a tumour. Avoid pressing repeatedly on a suspected abdominal mass.

Contact a paediatric clinician promptly if a child has a persistent abdominal lump, swelling, or unexplained combination of symptoms. Assessment may include an examination, urine and blood tests, ultrasound, and other imaging. A specialist team uses the findings to plan treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiotherapy. The exact order depends on tumour features, whether one or both kidneys are involved, and how the tumour responds. The team also monitors kidney function and blood pressure.

Seek urgent assessment for a new firm abdominal mass, severe abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, blood in the urine, breathing difficulty, or marked weakness. Emergency help is needed for collapse, heavy bleeding, severe breathing problems, or a child who is difficult to wake. Tell clinicians about any known kidney condition or cancer treatment.

Ask which tests are planned, whether the kidneys and lungs need assessment, what the treatment sequence may be, how kidney function will be protected, and which symptoms should trigger urgent review. Ask how the team will support eating, activity, school, and emotional wellbeing during treatment.